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General Skilled Migration — the points-tested route to Australian PR.

GSM is the heart of Australia’s skilled program. We map your occupation, maximise your points, and steer your EOI from skill assessment to invitation.

189 / 190 / 491
Core GSM subclasses
65+
Points to enter the pool
What is GSMPathwayPoints TestSubclass 189Subclass 190Subclass 491CompareFAQ
Australia — General Skilled Migration

Permanent residence — and the freedom to build your future anywhere in Australia.

What is General Skilled Migration?

General Skilled Migration (GSM) is the umbrella for Australia’s permanent and provisional visas awarded to skilled workers on the basis of merit — not an employer or family sponsor. Selection runs through a single, transparent points-tested system administered via SkillSelect.

You lodge an Expression of Interest (EOI), score points against fixed criteria, and the Department of Home Affairs issues invitations to the highest-ranking candidates in periodic invitation rounds. A positive skills assessment for your nominated occupation is the gateway to the entire program.

Truvia’s role is strategic: we identify the subclass and state that best fit your profile, then engineer your claim to extract every legitimate point available.

Calculate My Points Score
65
Minimum points to enter the pool
3
Core GSM subclasses — 189, 190, 491
45
Age must be under 45 at invitation
12–18
Months typical processing time

From assessment to permanent residence

Every GSM application follows the same five-stage journey. We manage each stage end to end.

01
Skills Assessment
Have your qualifications and experience verified by the relevant assessing authority for your nominated occupation.
02
Expression of Interest
Submit an EOI in SkillSelect with your claimed points, occupation, and preferred subclasses.
03
State Nomination / Invitation
Receive a state nomination (190/491) or a direct invitation to apply (189) in an invitation round.
04
Visa Application
Lodge a complete, decision-ready application within 60 days, with all supporting evidence.
05
Grant & PR Pathway
Receive your visa grant — permanent (189/190) or provisional with a clear PR transition (491 → 191).

How points are scored across eight factors

You must reach at least 65 points to be eligible, but competitive invitations frequently require 85–95+. Small, strategic gains — a higher English band, a partner assessment, or a regional nomination — often decide the outcome.

Age
30 pts
Maximum at 25–32 years; tapers to zero at 45.
English
20 pts
Superior English (IELTS 8 / PTE 79) earns the most.
Skilled Employment
20 pts
Overseas and Australian experience counted separately.
Qualifications
20 pts
Doctorate, bachelor, diploma, or trade qualification.
Australian Study
5–10 pts
Study requirement, regional study, specialist education.
Partner Skills
10 pts
Skilled partner, or single/PR-partner concessions.
State Nomination
5–15 pts
+5 for 190, +15 for 491 regional nomination.
Community Language
5 pts
NAATI credentialed translator / interpreter.
Subclass 189

Skilled Independent Visa

Australia’s most sought-after skilled visa — a permanent residence visa granted purely on points, with no employer or state sponsorship. It offers complete freedom to live and work anywhere in the country.

Permanent residency from day one
No state or employer sponsorship required
Live and work anywhere in Australia
Include partner and dependent children
Citizenship pathway after 4 years of residence
Check Subclass 189 Eligibility

Key Requirements

Minimum Points65 points
Age LimitUnder 45
EnglishCompetent (IELTS 6)
Skills AssessmentRequired
Processing Time6–12 months
Visa DurationPermanent
Subclass 190

Skilled Nominated Visa

A permanent visa for skilled workers nominated by an Australian state or territory. Nomination adds an automatic 5 points and is ideal for applicants who need a small boost to become competitive.

+5 points from state or territory nomination
Permanent residency from grant
Commit to live in the nominating state (2 years)
Aligned to each state’s occupation demand lists
Include family on the same application
Check Subclass 190 Eligibility

Key Requirements

Minimum Points65 (incl. +5)
Nominated ByState / Territory
Age LimitUnder 45
EnglishCompetent (IELTS 6)
Processing Time6–12 months
Visa DurationPermanent
Subclass 491

Skilled Work Regional (Provisional) Visa

A 5-year provisional visa for skilled migrants willing to live and work in regional Australia. It carries the largest points bonus in the program and leads to permanent residence via the Subclass 191 after three years of regional residence and income.

The 491 runs in two distinct streams — choose the one that matches who is supporting your application.

Stream 01

Regional Sponsored Stream

Nominated by a participating state or territory government to address skill shortages in designated regional areas. The most common route into the 491.

+15 points for regional nomination
Nominated by a state / territory
Must live & work in a designated regional area
PR via Subclass 191 after 3 years
Stream 02

Family Sponsored Stream

Sponsored by an eligible relative who is an Australian citizen or permanent resident living in a designated regional area — no state nomination required.

+15 points for family sponsorship
Sponsor must be an eligible relative in a regional area
Same regional living & working obligations
Identical PR pathway via Subclass 191
Regional Benefits
Priority processing, lower competition, dedicated occupation lists, and access to regional state nominations unavailable for 189.
Regional Obligations
Live, work, and study only in a designated regional area for the duration of the provisional visa.
PR Transition (191)
After 3 years holding the 491 and meeting minimum taxable income, transition to the permanent Subclass 191.
Check 491 Eligibility

189 vs 190 vs 491 — which fits your profile?

Criterion
Subclass 189
Subclass 190
Subclass 491
Visa type
Permanent
Permanent
Provisional (5 yrs)
Sponsorship
None
State / Territory
State or eligible family
Points bonus
+5
+15
Where you can live
Anywhere
Nominating state
Designated regional areas
PR pathway
Immediate
Immediate
Via Subclass 191 (3 yrs)
Typical applicant
High-scoring, in-demand occupation
Strong profile needing +5
Flexible on location, wants max points
Occupation list
MLTSSL
State lists (MLTSSL/STSOL)
Regional occupation lists
Best for
Maximum freedom
State-aligned occupations
Fastest route to an invitation

GSM questions, answered

How many points do I need for GSM?+
You need a minimum of 65 points to submit a valid EOI, but the invitation cut-off is often considerably higher and varies by occupation. Many in-demand occupations see invitations issued at 85–95+ points, so the goal is always to maximise rather than just meet the minimum.
Do I need a skills assessment before applying?+
Yes. A positive skills assessment from the relevant assessing authority for your nominated occupation is mandatory for every GSM subclass and must be valid at the time of invitation. We confirm the correct authority and prepare your evidence before you lodge an EOI.
What is the difference between 189 and 491?+
The 189 is an immediate permanent visa with no sponsorship and full freedom of location. The 491 is a 5-year provisional regional visa that gives +15 points and transitions to permanent residence (Subclass 191) after three years of regional residence and income.
Can my partner and children be included?+
Yes. Your partner and dependent children can be included in a single GSM application. A skilled partner may also add points to your claim, and concessions apply if your partner is an Australian citizen/PR or you are applying as a single applicant.
How long does the process take?+
Timelines vary by subclass and occupation, but most applicants should plan for 6–12 months from invitation to grant, plus preparation time for skills assessment, English testing, and EOI before that. Regional 491 applications are often invited faster.

Explore other Australia pathways

Sponsored Work
Employer Sponsored Visas
482, 186 and 407 — work-based routes with strong PR transitions.
Learn more →
Assessment
Skills Assessment Authorities
Find the right assessing body for your occupation.
Learn more →
Elite Talent
National Innovation Visa
For exceptional founders, researchers and global talent.
Learn more →

Ready to start your GSM application?

Book a free consultation — we’ll calculate your points, confirm your occupation, and map the fastest route to an invitation.

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